Human Anatomy & physiology II Lab Exam 2 Review and Study Guide

Lab 23 Anatomy of Respiratory System

1.   Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these models:

  Lung / Heart / Diaphragm model

  Bronchi

  Lung

  Trachea

  Skeletor

  Pat (Torso model)

2.  Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these specimens

  Cat

                Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

  Pig Larynx / Trachea

                Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings, trachealis muscle, vocal fold, vestibular fold, arytenoid muscle, arytenoid cartilage

3.  Describe features and functions of each structure listed in Table 23.1.

4.  Differentiate between conducting zone and respiratory zone structures.

5.  Draw and label the histological layers of a cross section of trachea.

6.  List the cell types present within the respiratory membrane.

7.  Diagram the movement of respiratory gases at the respiratory membrane.

8.  Describe the function and movement of mucus.

Lab 24 Respiratory Physiology

1.   Define the Respiratory Volumes and Capacities listed in Tables 24.1 and 24.2.

2.  Write the formulas for the Respiratory Capacities listed in Table 24.2

3.  Demonstrate use of a wet spirometer to measure Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, Expiratory Reserve Capacities.

4.  Given the values for TV, VC and ERC, calculate Inspiratory Reserve Capacity.

5.  Explain the difference between a respiratory volume and a respiratory capacity.

6.  Describe the effect of increased mucus on respiratory volumes and capacities.

7.  Describe the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration.

Lab 25:  Anatomy of the Digestive System

1.   Identify the structures listed in Tables 25.1 and 25.2 on diagrams and models.  Describe the features and functions of the listed structures.

2.  Models

  Flat model on wall

  Skeletor organs

  Pat (torso model) organs

3.  Specimens

  Cat (esophagus, stomach (fundus, cardia, body, pylorus), pyloric sphincter, duodenum, pancreas, ileum, greater omentum, mesentery, iliocecal valve, cecum, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, cystic duct, bile duct, hepatic portal vein)

4.  List and provide examples of the six processes which contribute to digestion.

5.  Identify and describe the peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta.

6.  Identify these histological layers in a diagram or microscope slides of esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine:  mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (circular and smooth layers), serous membrane or adventitia.

7.  Describe the functions of these structures:  intestinal villi, plicae circulares.

8.  Diagram a liver lobule.  Include the central vein, sinusoids and bile canaliculi.

9.  Explain the difference between an GI tract organ and an accessory organ.

Lab 26:  Digestive Processes

1.   Organize these enzymes into a table.  Include the food substance it digests, organ that secretes each and the site of chemical digestion. 

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic ribonuclease, pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes

2.  Define ‘emulsification’ and explain the role of bile in fat emulsification.

3.  List the end products of lipid digestion (lipolysis) and protein digestion.

4.  Explain the role of pH and temperature for optimal enzyme function.

5.  List the enzyme(s) that require a low pH for optimal function.  Describe the advantage of differing function at different pH.

6.  Describe the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors rather than active enzymes.

Lab 27:  Anatomy of the Urinary System

1.   Identify these structures in models of the kidney or urinary system: adrenal gland, hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, minor calyces, renal cortex, medullary pyramid, papilla, lobe, renal column, urinary bladder.

2.  Models:

  Large kidney

  Skeletor

  Pat (torso model)

3.  Specimens:

  Pig kidney (hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, micor calyx, medullary pyramid, papilla, cortex, renal column, interlobar vessels, arcuate vessels, interlobular (cortical radiate) vessels, lobar vessels)

  Cat (kidney, renal capsule, cortex, medullary pyramids, renal pelvis, ureter, hilus, urinary bladder)

4.  Trace renal blood flow through these blood vessels:  renal artery, segmental artery, lobar artery, interlobar artery, arcuaste artery, interlobular artery (cortical radiate), afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein (cortical radiate), arcuate vein, lobar vein, renal vein.

5.  Label the blood vessels above on models and diagrams.

6.  Describe the histological layers of these structures:  ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

7.  Identify these structures within the urinary bladder:  detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone.

8.  Diagram the trigone and label the openings.  Explain the clinical significance of the trigone in urinary tract infections.

9.  Contrast the length of the male and female urethras, and relate the lengths to risk for urinary tract infection.

10.  Label the regions of the male urethra.

11.  Contrast the functions of the internal and external urethral sphincters.

12.  Label these parts of a nephron in a diagram or model:  afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, interlobular artery, interlobular vein, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (ascending and descending limbs), collecting ducts

Urinalysis Lab

1.       Summarize the function of a urinalysis.

2.       Describe urinalysis results for a healthy individual using these parameters: color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.

3.       Interpret the results of a urinalysis given these parameters:  color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.

4.       Relate the presence of ketones in the urine (ketonuria) to the metabolism of fats.

Lab 28:  Reproductive

1.   Identify the listed structures on these models:

                a.   Male Half Pelvis

                Testis

                Ductus deferens

                Head of epidydimus

                Corpus cavernosum

                Corpus spongiosum

                Prostatic urethra

                Membranous urethra

                Spongy urethra

                Ureter

                Seminal vesicle

                Prostate gland

                Tail of epidydimus

                Scrotum

                Glans of penis

                Penis

                Urinary bladder

                b.   Female Half Pelvis

                Uterus

                Cervix

                Vagina

                Urethra

                Urinary bladder

Ureter

                Fundus of uterus

                Myometrium

                Endometrium

                Perimetrium

                Ovary

                Ovarian ligament

                Broad ligament

                Uterine tube

                Fimbriae of uterine tube

Ampulla of uterine tube

Round ligament

c.   Embryonic Development Uterus

                Uterus

                Fundus of uterus

                Endometrium

                Myometrium

                Perimetrium

                Cervix

                Ovary

                Ovarian ligament

                Primordial follicale

                Primary follicle

                Secondary follicle

                Vesicular follicle

                Ovulation

                Corpus luteum

                Corpus albicans

                Vagina

                Fornices of vagina

                Spermatozoon

d.  Skeletor penis

                Corpus spongiosum

                Corpus cavernosum

                Glans

                Testis

                Ductus deferens

                Epydidymus

                Spermatic cord

                Cremaster muscle

2.  Distinguish the following stages of follicles in a diagram and microscope slide of ovary:

                Primordial

                Primary

                Secondary

                Vesicular

3.  Identify the following structures with a follicle:  oocyte, ranulosa cells, antrum

4.  Trace the path of the oocyte from the ovary to its exit during the menstrual phase from the vaginal orifice.  List every structure through which the egg passes.

5.  Describe the function of the corpus luteum.

6.  Explain the fate of the corpus luteum if:

                The oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo

                The oocyte is not fertilized

7.  Describe the role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in pregnancy.

8.  List the phases and events of the Ovarian Cycle.  Include the time frame.

9.  List the phases and events of the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle.  Include the time frame.

10.  Summarize the role of these hormones in the Ovarian and Uterine cycles:  estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.

11.  Trace the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice.  List each structure through which the sperm pass.

12.  Explain the mechanism of these structures in temperature regulation of the testes:  pampiniform plexus, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle.

13.  List two glands that contribute to semen content, and summarize the materials provided by each.

Lab 29:  Genes Affect Anatomy & Physiology

1.   Define the following terms:

                Diploid

                Haploid

                Autosome

                Sex Chromosome

                Allele

                Homozygous

                Heterozygous

                Expression

                Dominant

                Recessive

                Genotype

                Phenotype

                Incomplete Dominance

2.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a dominant / recessive allele.

3.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for an incomplete dominant allele.

4.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a sex-linked trait.

5.  Discuss the effect of multiple alleles for a particular phenotype.

6.  Differentiate the effects of environmental factors versus genotype on a phenotype (e.g. predisposition to developing diabetes). 

7.  Propose a reason that recessive alleles remain present in a population, even when lethal.

Know these structures in new models for Lab Exam 2

Histology of digestive tract model

A esophagus

                Mucosa / epithelium

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

                Adventitia

B.  Stomach

                Mucosa with gastric pits

                Muscularis externa (longitudinal, oblique, circular layers)

                Visceral peritoneum

                Cell types:  peptic cell, parietal cells

C.  Jejunum

                Mucosa with intestinal crypts

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers

                Visceral peritoneum

D.  Colon

                Mucosa

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

                Visceral peritoneum

                Goblet cells

Microanatomy of Liver model

Central Vein

Portal canal

Liver lobule

Interlobular bile duct/artery/vein

Dendritic (Kupffer) cell

Hapatocytes

Terminal bile duct

Liver sinusoids

Bile canaliculi

Intestinal Villi model

Villi

Epithelium

Capillaries/venules/arterioles

Lacteal

Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Serosa

Goblet cells

Kidney section model

A.       Kidney frontal section

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal artery/vein

Arcuate arteries/veins

Interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries/veins

Afferent arteriole

Ureter

Renal pelvis

Minor calyces

Major calyces

Papillae

collecting ducts

loops of Henle

proximal/distal convoluted tubules

renal corpuscle

renal pyramids

renal columns

B.      Nephron

Renal cortex

Medulla

Renal corpuscle

Proximal/ddistal convoluted tubules

Loops of Henle

Collecting duct

Arcuate artery/vein

Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery/vein

Afferent/efferent arterioles

Glomerulus

C.      Renal Corpuscle

Afferent/efferent arterioles

Glomerulus

Podocyte

Glomerular capsule

Proximal/distal convoluted tubule

Liver and Gallbladder model

Lobes of liver

Inverior vena cava

Hepatic veins

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

Cystic duct

Gallbladder

 Round ligament

Falciform ligament

Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab Exam I Review or study guide

Lab 1  Microscopes

1.       Identify and describe the functions of the parts of the microscope.

2.       Demonstrate proper use of the microscope.

3.       Recognize improper storage of microscope.

4.       Calculate total magnification of a specimen.

5.       Draw the orientation of the image on a microscope.

6.       Describe proper use of the oil immersion objective.

Lab 17  Endocrine System

1.        List hormones synthesized and secreted from each endocrine organ described in Tables 17.1 and 17.2.

2.       For each hormone in #1 describe the target organ and effect.

3.       Identify these endocrine organs in the cat specimen:

a.       Thyroid

b.      Thymus

c.       Adrenal gland

d.      Pancreas

e.      Ovary

f.        Testis

4.       Identify the major endocrine organs on a human model and human diagram.

5.       Answer lab manual questions regarding the video experiments described in Exercies 17.3

6.       Compare the nervous system and endocrine system mechanisms of communication. 

Lab 18  Blood

1.        Identify regions of whole blood that has been centrifuged.  Specify the structures and materials found in each region.

2.       Identify formed elements on a microscope slide.

3.       Categorize white blood cells as granulocytes or angranulocytes.

4.       Rank the relative numbers of cell types in healthy individuals, and in those with lymphocytic leukemia, infectious mononucleosis and eosinophilia.

5.       Explain the significance and method of performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count.

Lab 19  Blood Groups

1.       Define agglutinogen and agglutin.

2.       List the agglutinogens and agglutinins present in Type O, A, B and AB blood.

3.       Describe the significance of the Rh factor in erythroblastosis fetalis.

4.       Explain the mechanism and drug used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis.

5.       Demonstrate the preparation of a slide agglutination test to determine blood type.

6.       Report the results of a diagram of a slide agglutination test .

7.       Organize a list of blood types by ability to donate or receive other blood types.

8.       Explain the mechanism that causes some blood types to be incompatible during blood transfusions.

Lab 19  Heart

1.        Identify the following regions of the heart in heart models, diagrams and in the sheep heart

a.       Diaphragmatic surface

b.      Apex

c.       Base

2.       Identify these great vessels in a heart model or diagram:

a.       Superior vena cava

b.      Inferior vena cava

c.       Pulmonary trunk

d.      Aorta (ascending, arch)

e.      Pulmonary arteries

f.        Pulmonary veins

g.       Brachiocephalic trunk

h.      Left common carotid

i.        Left subclavian

3.       Identify these surface structures in a heart model or diagram, or on a sheep heart:

a.       Atrioventricular groove

b.      Anterior and posterior interventricular grooves

c.       Auricle

d.      Ligamentum arteriosum

4.       Identify these vessels that supply and drain from the heart:

a.       Right and left coronary arteries

b.      Anterior and posterior interventricular arteries

c.       Circumflex artery

d.      Marginal artery

e.      Coronary sinus

f.        Great cardiac vein

g.       middle cardiac vein

h.      small cardiac vein

5.       Explain the significance of a blocked coronary artery.

6.       Identify these internal structures on a heart model or diagram, or a sheep heart:

a.       Pectinate muscles

b.      Fossa ovalis (heart model or diagram)

c.       Right and Left Atrioventricular valves

d.       Aortic and Pulmonary Semilunar valves

e.      Chordae tendinae

f.        Papillary muscles

g.       Interventricular septum

h.      Trabeculae carnae

7.       Know the names of the atrioventricular valves:

a.       Mitral valve

b.      Bicuspid

c.       Tricuspid

8.       Identify and describe the function of structures associated with the fetal heart and bypass of pulmonary circulation.

9.       Diagram the Pulmonary and System Circulations

10.   Describe the relative oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arteries and veins in the pulmonary and system circulations.  Assign appropriate colors to each.

11.   Identify right and left sides of a heart model and sheep heart, from the outside and inside.

12.   Describe the difference in the walls of the right and left ventricles, and the reasons for these differences.

13.   Identify the four chambers of the heart in heart models, diagrams and sheep hearts.  Specify right and left.

14.   Trace the path of blood from the vena cavae through the heart and pulmonary circulation to the ascending aorta.

15.   Explain how the heart functions as a 'double pump'.

Lab 21  Blood Vessels

1.       Describe the layers of the walls in arteries, veins and capillaries.

2.       Identify an artery and vein under the microscope.  Identify the histological layers of these vessels.

3.       Describe the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles.

4.       Describe the function of venous valves and precapillary sphincters.

5.       Identify the bold faced arteries from Exercise 21.2 in models and diagrams.  Models include:

a.       'Skeletor' skeleton with viscera

b.      Torso model

c.       Flat model pictured in Photo 385a

d.      Heart models

e.      Arm and leg models

6.       List the body regions supplied by the arteries from #5.

7.       Identify the bold faced veins from Exercise 21.3 in models and diagrams.  Models are the same as in #5.

8.       List the body regions drained by veins from #5.

9.       Identify arteries and veins in bold face from the cat dissection Exercise 21.4 in a cat specimen.

10.   Diagram and explain the function of the Hepatic Portal System.  List the blood vessels included in the system.

11.   Explain the function of the Liver.

12.   Diagram fetal circulation through these structures:

a.       Umbilical artery and vein

b.      Umbilical cord

c.       Foramen ovale

d.      Ductus arteriosus

Lab 22  Blood Pressure

1.       Define Systolic  and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

2.       Explain the cardiac events that cause SBP and DBP.

3.       Identify the instruments used in measuring blood pressure via the auscultatory method.

4.       Describe the significance of sounds in the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure.

5.       Explain the effect of body position on blood pressure and explain the reason for the differences.

6.       Define Hypotension and explain the risks it causes to health.

7.       Define Hypertension and explain the risks it causes to health.