Human Anatomy & Physiology I Quizes

Study Guide for Final Human anatomy & Physiology I Practical

Lab 11:

1. Recognize the three different types of muscle tissue.

2. Know their locations and functions in the body.

3. Know if the tissue is involuntary or voluntary, and striated or nonstriated.

4. Recognize structures in muscle tissue (nuclei, striations, intercalated discs, etc).

Lab 12:

1. Be able to identify muscles on the leg, arm and torso models.

2. Be able to identify muscles on the dissected cat.

3. Know the actions of all of the required muscles.

Lab 13:

1. Identify three different types of nervous tissue, including the names of the main cell types in each tissue.

2. Know the location and general function of each tissue type.

3. Know the parts and functions as seen on the neuron model.

Lab 14:

1. Recognize structures of the human brain on various brain models.

2. Recall how the majors areas of the brain fit into the skull as learned in the bone lab.

3. Be able to identify structures on the dissected sheep brain/dura.

4. Know the parts of the spinal cord model and what microscopic structures comprise each area.

5. Identify regions of the spinal cord as seen on a cross-sectional slide and what structures comprise each region.

6. Recognize features of the spinal cord in longitudinal and cross-sectional diagrams.

7. Be able to distinguish between CNS and PNS structures.

Lab 15:

1. Know the names, Roman numerals, and function of the cranial nerves. Also, know whether they are sensory , motor or mixed nerves.

2. Recognize the major terminal nerves that exit each plexus.

3. Recognize a nerve and its connective tissue coverings/composition in a cross-sectional slide.

Labs 16:

1. Be able to identify parts of the eyeball on models and/or dissected specimen.

BONES AND THEIR FEATURES

AXIAL SKELETON:

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal Bone

Supraorbital foramen

Parietal Bones

Temporal Bones

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossa

Mastoid process

External auditory meatus

Occipital Bone

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyles

Sphenoid Bone

Optic canals

Foramen rotundum

Sella turcica

Ethmoid Bone

Cribriform plate

Crista galli

Middle nasal conchae

FACIAL BONES

Maxilla Bones

Palatine process

Infraorbital foramen

Mandible

Mandibular condyle

Coronoid process

Mandibular foramen

Body

Mental foramen

Zygomatic Bones

Temporal process

Palatine Bones

Horizontal plate

Lacrimal Bones

Nasal Bones

Vomer

Inferior Nasal Conchae

FETAL SKULL

Anterior fontanel

Mastoid fontanel

Sphenoid fontanel

Occipital fontanel

SUTURES

Coronal suture

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

HYOID BONE

VERTEBRAE

Atlas (C1)

Superior articular facets

Axis (C2)

Odontoid process (dens)

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

Transverse foramina

Vertebral foramen

Spinous process (bifid)

Body

Transverse processes

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Vertebral foramen

Spinous process

Transverse processes

Body

Superior/inferior articulate facets

Demifacets

Lumber Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Vertebral foramen

Spinous process

Transverse processes

Body

Sacrum

Auricular surfaces

Sacral promontory

Dorsal sacral foramina

Ventral sacral foramina

Coccyx

STERNUM

Manubrium

Jugular notch

Body

Sternal angle

Xiphisternal joint

Xiphoid process

RIBS

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

Costal cartilages

APPENDICULAR SKELETON:

CLAVICLE

Sternal end

Acromial end

SCAPULA

Acromion process

Coracoid process

Glenoid fossa

Spine

Supraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa

Subscapular fossa

HUMERUS

Head

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercular groove

Anatomical neck

Surgical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Trochlea

Capitulum

Olecranon fossa

Coronoid fossa

RADIUS

Head

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar notch

Styloid process

ULNA

Trochlear notch

Olecranon process

Coronoid process

Radial notch

Head

Styloid process

HAND

Carpals

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetra, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Metacarpals (1-5)

Phalanges (proximal to distal 1-5)

COXAL BONE

Ilium

Iliac crest

Greater sciatic notch

Acetabulum

Auricular surface

Ischium

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity

Pubis

Obturator foramen

Pubic symphysis

FEMUR

Head

Neck

Greater trochanter

Lesser trochanter

Lateral condyle

Medial condyle

Intercondylar notch

PATELLA

TIBIA

Medial condyle

Lateral condyle

Tibial tuberosity

Medial malleolus

FIBULA

Head

Lateral malleolus

FOOT

Tarsals

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Medial cuneiform

Intermediate cuniform

Lateral cuniform

Cuboid

Metatarsals (1-5)

Phalanges (proximal to distal 1-5)

Human anatomy & Physiology II exam #3

Human anatomy & physiology II Exam#4

Human Anatomy & physiology II Lab Exam 2 Review and Study Guide

Lab 23 Anatomy of Respiratory System

1.   Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these models:

  Lung / Heart / Diaphragm model

  Bronchi

  Lung

  Trachea

  Skeletor

  Pat (Torso model)

2.  Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these specimens

  Cat

                Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

  Pig Larynx / Trachea

                Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings, trachealis muscle, vocal fold, vestibular fold, arytenoid muscle, arytenoid cartilage

3.  Describe features and functions of each structure listed in Table 23.1.

4.  Differentiate between conducting zone and respiratory zone structures.

5.  Draw and label the histological layers of a cross section of trachea.

6.  List the cell types present within the respiratory membrane.

7.  Diagram the movement of respiratory gases at the respiratory membrane.

8.  Describe the function and movement of mucus.

Lab 24 Respiratory Physiology

1.   Define the Respiratory Volumes and Capacities listed in Tables 24.1 and 24.2.

2.  Write the formulas for the Respiratory Capacities listed in Table 24.2

3.  Demonstrate use of a wet spirometer to measure Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, Expiratory Reserve Capacities.

4.  Given the values for TV, VC and ERC, calculate Inspiratory Reserve Capacity.

5.  Explain the difference between a respiratory volume and a respiratory capacity.

6.  Describe the effect of increased mucus on respiratory volumes and capacities.

7.  Describe the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration.

Lab 25:  Anatomy of the Digestive System

1.   Identify the structures listed in Tables 25.1 and 25.2 on diagrams and models.  Describe the features and functions of the listed structures.

2.  Models

  Flat model on wall

  Skeletor organs

  Pat (torso model) organs

3.  Specimens

  Cat (esophagus, stomach (fundus, cardia, body, pylorus), pyloric sphincter, duodenum, pancreas, ileum, greater omentum, mesentery, iliocecal valve, cecum, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, cystic duct, bile duct, hepatic portal vein)

4.  List and provide examples of the six processes which contribute to digestion.

5.  Identify and describe the peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta.

6.  Identify these histological layers in a diagram or microscope slides of esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine:  mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (circular and smooth layers), serous membrane or adventitia.

7.  Describe the functions of these structures:  intestinal villi, plicae circulares.

8.  Diagram a liver lobule.  Include the central vein, sinusoids and bile canaliculi.

9.  Explain the difference between an GI tract organ and an accessory organ.

Lab 26:  Digestive Processes

1.   Organize these enzymes into a table.  Include the food substance it digests, organ that secretes each and the site of chemical digestion. 

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic ribonuclease, pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes

2.  Define ‘emulsification’ and explain the role of bile in fat emulsification.

3.  List the end products of lipid digestion (lipolysis) and protein digestion.

4.  Explain the role of pH and temperature for optimal enzyme function.

5.  List the enzyme(s) that require a low pH for optimal function.  Describe the advantage of differing function at different pH.

6.  Describe the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors rather than active enzymes.

Lab 27:  Anatomy of the Urinary System

1.   Identify these structures in models of the kidney or urinary system: adrenal gland, hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, minor calyces, renal cortex, medullary pyramid, papilla, lobe, renal column, urinary bladder.

2.  Models:

  Large kidney

  Skeletor

  Pat (torso model)

3.  Specimens:

  Pig kidney (hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, micor calyx, medullary pyramid, papilla, cortex, renal column, interlobar vessels, arcuate vessels, interlobular (cortical radiate) vessels, lobar vessels)

  Cat (kidney, renal capsule, cortex, medullary pyramids, renal pelvis, ureter, hilus, urinary bladder)

4.  Trace renal blood flow through these blood vessels:  renal artery, segmental artery, lobar artery, interlobar artery, arcuaste artery, interlobular artery (cortical radiate), afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein (cortical radiate), arcuate vein, lobar vein, renal vein.

5.  Label the blood vessels above on models and diagrams.

6.  Describe the histological layers of these structures:  ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

7.  Identify these structures within the urinary bladder:  detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone.

8.  Diagram the trigone and label the openings.  Explain the clinical significance of the trigone in urinary tract infections.

9.  Contrast the length of the male and female urethras, and relate the lengths to risk for urinary tract infection.

10.  Label the regions of the male urethra.

11.  Contrast the functions of the internal and external urethral sphincters.

12.  Label these parts of a nephron in a diagram or model:  afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, interlobular artery, interlobular vein, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (ascending and descending limbs), collecting ducts

Urinalysis Lab

1.       Summarize the function of a urinalysis.

2.       Describe urinalysis results for a healthy individual using these parameters: color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.

3.       Interpret the results of a urinalysis given these parameters:  color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.

4.       Relate the presence of ketones in the urine (ketonuria) to the metabolism of fats.

Lab 28:  Reproductive

1.   Identify the listed structures on these models:

                a.   Male Half Pelvis

                Testis

                Ductus deferens

                Head of epidydimus

                Corpus cavernosum

                Corpus spongiosum

                Prostatic urethra

                Membranous urethra

                Spongy urethra

                Ureter

                Seminal vesicle

                Prostate gland

                Tail of epidydimus

                Scrotum

                Glans of penis

                Penis

                Urinary bladder

                b.   Female Half Pelvis

                Uterus

                Cervix

                Vagina

                Urethra

                Urinary bladder

Ureter

                Fundus of uterus

                Myometrium

                Endometrium

                Perimetrium

                Ovary

                Ovarian ligament

                Broad ligament

                Uterine tube

                Fimbriae of uterine tube

Ampulla of uterine tube

Round ligament

c.   Embryonic Development Uterus

                Uterus

                Fundus of uterus

                Endometrium

                Myometrium

                Perimetrium

                Cervix

                Ovary

                Ovarian ligament

                Primordial follicale

                Primary follicle

                Secondary follicle

                Vesicular follicle

                Ovulation

                Corpus luteum

                Corpus albicans

                Vagina

                Fornices of vagina

                Spermatozoon

d.  Skeletor penis

                Corpus spongiosum

                Corpus cavernosum

                Glans

                Testis

                Ductus deferens

                Epydidymus

                Spermatic cord

                Cremaster muscle

2.  Distinguish the following stages of follicles in a diagram and microscope slide of ovary:

                Primordial

                Primary

                Secondary

                Vesicular

3.  Identify the following structures with a follicle:  oocyte, ranulosa cells, antrum

4.  Trace the path of the oocyte from the ovary to its exit during the menstrual phase from the vaginal orifice.  List every structure through which the egg passes.

5.  Describe the function of the corpus luteum.

6.  Explain the fate of the corpus luteum if:

                The oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo

                The oocyte is not fertilized

7.  Describe the role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in pregnancy.

8.  List the phases and events of the Ovarian Cycle.  Include the time frame.

9.  List the phases and events of the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle.  Include the time frame.

10.  Summarize the role of these hormones in the Ovarian and Uterine cycles:  estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.

11.  Trace the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice.  List each structure through which the sperm pass.

12.  Explain the mechanism of these structures in temperature regulation of the testes:  pampiniform plexus, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle.

13.  List two glands that contribute to semen content, and summarize the materials provided by each.

Lab 29:  Genes Affect Anatomy & Physiology

1.   Define the following terms:

                Diploid

                Haploid

                Autosome

                Sex Chromosome

                Allele

                Homozygous

                Heterozygous

                Expression

                Dominant

                Recessive

                Genotype

                Phenotype

                Incomplete Dominance

2.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a dominant / recessive allele.

3.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for an incomplete dominant allele.

4.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a sex-linked trait.

5.  Discuss the effect of multiple alleles for a particular phenotype.

6.  Differentiate the effects of environmental factors versus genotype on a phenotype (e.g. predisposition to developing diabetes). 

7.  Propose a reason that recessive alleles remain present in a population, even when lethal.

Know these structures in new models for Lab Exam 2

Histology of digestive tract model

A esophagus

                Mucosa / epithelium

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

                Adventitia

B.  Stomach

                Mucosa with gastric pits

                Muscularis externa (longitudinal, oblique, circular layers)

                Visceral peritoneum

                Cell types:  peptic cell, parietal cells

C.  Jejunum

                Mucosa with intestinal crypts

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers

                Visceral peritoneum

D.  Colon

                Mucosa

                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

                Visceral peritoneum

                Goblet cells

Microanatomy of Liver model

Central Vein

Portal canal

Liver lobule

Interlobular bile duct/artery/vein

Dendritic (Kupffer) cell

Hapatocytes

Terminal bile duct

Liver sinusoids

Bile canaliculi

Intestinal Villi model

Villi

Epithelium

Capillaries/venules/arterioles

Lacteal

Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Serosa

Goblet cells

Kidney section model

A.       Kidney frontal section

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal artery/vein

Arcuate arteries/veins

Interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries/veins

Afferent arteriole

Ureter

Renal pelvis

Minor calyces

Major calyces

Papillae

collecting ducts

loops of Henle

proximal/distal convoluted tubules

renal corpuscle

renal pyramids

renal columns

B.      Nephron

Renal cortex

Medulla

Renal corpuscle

Proximal/ddistal convoluted tubules

Loops of Henle

Collecting duct

Arcuate artery/vein

Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery/vein

Afferent/efferent arterioles

Glomerulus

C.      Renal Corpuscle

Afferent/efferent arterioles

Glomerulus

Podocyte

Glomerular capsule

Proximal/distal convoluted tubule

Liver and Gallbladder model

Lobes of liver

Inverior vena cava

Hepatic veins

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

Cystic duct

Gallbladder

 Round ligament

Falciform ligament