Wednesday, August 10, 2011

Study Guide for Final Human anatomy & Physiology I Practical

Lab 11:
1. Recognize the three different types of muscle tissue.
2. Know their locations and functions in the body.
3. Know if the tissue is involuntary or voluntary, and striated or nonstriated.
4. Recognize structures in muscle tissue (nuclei, striations, intercalated discs, etc).

Lab 12:
1. Be able to identify muscles on the leg, arm and torso models.
2. Be able to identify muscles on the dissected cat.
3. Know the actions of all of the required muscles.

Lab 13:
1. Identify three different types of nervous tissue, including the names of the main cell types in each tissue.
2. Know the location and general function of each tissue type.
3. Know the parts and functions as seen on the neuron model.

Lab 14:
1. Recognize structures of the human brain on various brain models.
2. Recall how the majors areas of the brain fit into the skull as learned in the bone lab.
3. Be able to identify structures on the dissected sheep brain/dura.
4. Know the parts of the spinal cord model and what microscopic structures comprise each area.
5. Identify regions of the spinal cord as seen on a cross-sectional slide and what structures comprise each region.
6. Recognize features of the spinal cord in longitudinal and cross-sectional diagrams.
7. Be able to distinguish between CNS and PNS structures.

Lab 15:
1. Know the names, Roman numerals, and function of the cranial nerves. Also, know whether they are sensory , motor or mixed nerves.
2. Recognize the major terminal nerves that exit each plexus.
3. Recognize a nerve and its connective tissue coverings/composition in a cross-sectional slide.

Labs 16:
1. Be able to identify parts of the eyeball on models and/or dissected specimen.

BONES AND THEIR FEATURES
AXIAL SKELETON:
CRANIAL BONES
Frontal Bone
Supraorbital foramen
Parietal Bones
Temporal Bones
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid process
External auditory meatus
Occipital Bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Sphenoid Bone
Optic canals
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Ethmoid Bone
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Middle nasal conchae
FACIAL BONES
Maxilla Bones
Palatine process
Infraorbital foramen
Mandible
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Body
Mental foramen
Zygomatic Bones
Temporal process
Palatine Bones
Horizontal plate
Lacrimal Bones
Nasal Bones
Vomer
Inferior Nasal Conchae
FETAL SKULL
Anterior fontanel
Mastoid fontanel
Sphenoid fontanel
Occipital fontanel
SUTURES
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
HYOID BONE
VERTEBRAE
Atlas (C1)
Superior articular facets
Axis (C2)
Odontoid process (dens)
Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
Transverse foramina
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process (bifid)
Body
Transverse processes
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Body
Superior/inferior articulate facets
Demifacets
Lumber Vertebrae (L1-L5)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Body
Sacrum
Auricular surfaces
Sacral promontory
Dorsal sacral foramina
Ventral sacral foramina
Coccyx
STERNUM
Manubrium
Jugular notch
Body
Sternal angle
Xiphisternal joint
Xiphoid process
RIBS
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
Costal cartilages
APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
CLAVICLE
Sternal end
Acromial end
SCAPULA
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid fossa
Spine
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
HUMERUS
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Trochlea
Capitulum
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa


RADIUS
Head
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch
Styloid process


ULNA
Trochlear notch
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Head
Styloid process


HAND
Carpals
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetra, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Metacarpals (1-5)
Phalanges (proximal to distal 1-5)
COXAL BONE
Ilium
Iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Auricular surface
Ischium
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis


FEMUR
Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar notch
PATELLA
TIBIA


Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
FIBULA
Head
Lateral malleolus
FOOT
Tarsals
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuniform
Lateral cuniform
Cuboid
Metatarsals (1-5)
Phalanges (proximal to distal 1-5)

Human anatomy & Physiology II exam #3








Human anatomy & physiology II Exam#4








Saturday, August 6, 2011

Human Anatomy & physiology II Lab Exam 2 Review and Study Guide

Lab 23 Anatomy of Respiratory System
1.   Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these models:
  Lung / Heart / Diaphragm model
  Bronchi
  Lung
  Trachea
  Skeletor
  Pat (Torso model)

2.  Identify structures listed in Table 23.1 on these specimens
  Cat
                Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
  Pig Larynx / Trachea
                Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings, trachealis muscle, vocal fold, vestibular fold, arytenoid muscle, arytenoid cartilage

3.  Describe features and functions of each structure listed in Table 23.1.
4.  Differentiate between conducting zone and respiratory zone structures.
5.  Draw and label the histological layers of a cross section of trachea.
6.  List the cell types present within the respiratory membrane.
7.  Diagram the movement of respiratory gases at the respiratory membrane.
8.  Describe the function and movement of mucus.

Lab 24 Respiratory Physiology
1.   Define the Respiratory Volumes and Capacities listed in Tables 24.1 and 24.2.
2.  Write the formulas for the Respiratory Capacities listed in Table 24.2
3.  Demonstrate use of a wet spirometer to measure Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, Expiratory Reserve Capacities.
4.  Given the values for TV, VC and ERC, calculate Inspiratory Reserve Capacity.
5.  Explain the difference between a respiratory volume and a respiratory capacity.
6.  Describe the effect of increased mucus on respiratory volumes and capacities.
7.  Describe the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration.

Lab 25:  Anatomy of the Digestive System
1.   Identify the structures listed in Tables 25.1 and 25.2 on diagrams and models.  Describe the features and functions of the listed structures.
2.  Models
  Flat model on wall
  Skeletor organs
  Pat (torso model) organs
3.  Specimens
  Cat (esophagus, stomach (fundus, cardia, body, pylorus), pyloric sphincter, duodenum, pancreas, ileum, greater omentum, mesentery, iliocecal valve, cecum, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, cystic duct, bile duct, hepatic portal vein)
4.  List and provide examples of the six processes which contribute to digestion.
5.  Identify and describe the peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta.
6.  Identify these histological layers in a diagram or microscope slides of esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine:  mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (circular and smooth layers), serous membrane or adventitia.
7.  Describe the functions of these structures:  intestinal villi, plicae circulares.
8.  Diagram a liver lobule.  Include the central vein, sinusoids and bile canaliculi.
9.  Explain the difference between an GI tract organ and an accessory organ.

Lab 26:  Digestive Processes
1.   Organize these enzymes into a table.  Include the food substance it digests, organ that secretes each and the site of chemical digestion. 
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic ribonuclease, pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes
2.  Define ‘emulsification’ and explain the role of bile in fat emulsification.
3.  List the end products of lipid digestion (lipolysis) and protein digestion.
4.  Explain the role of pH and temperature for optimal enzyme function.
5.  List the enzyme(s) that require a low pH for optimal function.  Describe the advantage of differing function at different pH.
6.  Describe the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors rather than active enzymes.

Lab 27:  Anatomy of the Urinary System
1.   Identify these structures in models of the kidney or urinary system: adrenal gland, hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, minor calyces, renal cortex, medullary pyramid, papilla, lobe, renal column, urinary bladder.
2.  Models:
  Large kidney
  Skeletor
  Pat (torso model)
3.  Specimens:
  Pig kidney (hilus, ureter, renal pelvis, micor calyx, medullary pyramid, papilla, cortex, renal column, interlobar vessels, arcuate vessels, interlobular (cortical radiate) vessels, lobar vessels)
  Cat (kidney, renal capsule, cortex, medullary pyramids, renal pelvis, ureter, hilus, urinary bladder)
4.  Trace renal blood flow through these blood vessels:  renal artery, segmental artery, lobar artery, interlobar artery, arcuaste artery, interlobular artery (cortical radiate), afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein (cortical radiate), arcuate vein, lobar vein, renal vein.
5.  Label the blood vessels above on models and diagrams.
6.  Describe the histological layers of these structures:  ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
7.  Identify these structures within the urinary bladder:  detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone.
8.  Diagram the trigone and label the openings.  Explain the clinical significance of the trigone in urinary tract infections.
9.  Contrast the length of the male and female urethras, and relate the lengths to risk for urinary tract infection.
10.  Label the regions of the male urethra.
11.  Contrast the functions of the internal and external urethral sphincters.
12.  Label these parts of a nephron in a diagram or model:  afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, interlobular artery, interlobular vein, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (ascending and descending limbs), collecting ducts

Urinalysis Lab
1.       Summarize the function of a urinalysis.
2.       Describe urinalysis results for a healthy individual using these parameters: color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.
3.       Interpret the results of a urinalysis given these parameters:  color, clarity, smell, pH, presence of glucose, presence of protein, presence of casts.
4.       Relate the presence of ketones in the urine (ketonuria) to the metabolism of fats.
Lab 28:  Reproductive
1.   Identify the listed structures on these models:
                a.   Male Half Pelvis
                Testis
                Ductus deferens
                Head of epidydimus
                Corpus cavernosum
                Corpus spongiosum
                Prostatic urethra
                Membranous urethra
                Spongy urethra
                Ureter
                Seminal vesicle
                Prostate gland
                Tail of epidydimus
                Scrotum
                Glans of penis
                Penis
                Urinary bladder

                b.   Female Half Pelvis
                Uterus
                Cervix
                Vagina
                Urethra
                Urinary bladder
Ureter
                Fundus of uterus
                Myometrium
                Endometrium
                Perimetrium
                Ovary
                Ovarian ligament
                Broad ligament
                Uterine tube
                Fimbriae of uterine tube
Ampulla of uterine tube
Round ligament

c.   Embryonic Development Uterus
                Uterus
                Fundus of uterus
                Endometrium
                Myometrium
                Perimetrium
                Cervix
                Ovary
                Ovarian ligament
                Primordial follicale
                Primary follicle
                Secondary follicle
                Vesicular follicle
                Ovulation
                Corpus luteum
                Corpus albicans
                Vagina
                Fornices of vagina
                Spermatozoon

d.  Skeletor penis
                Corpus spongiosum
                Corpus cavernosum
                Glans
                Testis
                Ductus deferens
                Epydidymus
                Spermatic cord
                Cremaster muscle

2.  Distinguish the following stages of follicles in a diagram and microscope slide of ovary:
                Primordial
                Primary
                Secondary
                Vesicular

3.  Identify the following structures with a follicle:  oocyte, ranulosa cells, antrum
4.  Trace the path of the oocyte from the ovary to its exit during the menstrual phase from the vaginal orifice.  List every structure through which the egg passes.
5.  Describe the function of the corpus luteum.
6.  Explain the fate of the corpus luteum if:
                The oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo
                The oocyte is not fertilized
7.  Describe the role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in pregnancy.
8.  List the phases and events of the Ovarian Cycle.  Include the time frame.
9.  List the phases and events of the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle.  Include the time frame.
10.  Summarize the role of these hormones in the Ovarian and Uterine cycles:  estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.
11.  Trace the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice.  List each structure through which the sperm pass.
12.  Explain the mechanism of these structures in temperature regulation of the testes:  pampiniform plexus, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle.
13.  List two glands that contribute to semen content, and summarize the materials provided by each.

Lab 29:  Genes Affect Anatomy & Physiology
1.   Define the following terms:
                Diploid
                Haploid
                Autosome
                Sex Chromosome
                Allele
                Homozygous
                Heterozygous
                Expression
                Dominant
                Recessive
                Genotype
                Phenotype
                Incomplete Dominance

2.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a dominant / recessive allele.
3.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for an incomplete dominant allele.
4.  Predict the probability of specific genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by drawing and analyzing a Punnett Square for a sex-linked trait.
5.  Discuss the effect of multiple alleles for a particular phenotype.
6.  Differentiate the effects of environmental factors versus genotype on a phenotype (e.g. predisposition to developing diabetes). 
7.  Propose a reason that recessive alleles remain present in a population, even when lethal.

Know these structures in new models for Lab Exam 2
Histology of digestive tract model
A esophagus
                Mucosa / epithelium
                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)
                Adventitia
B.  Stomach
                Mucosa with gastric pits
                Muscularis externa (longitudinal, oblique, circular layers)
                Visceral peritoneum
                Cell types:  peptic cell, parietal cells
C.  Jejunum
                Mucosa with intestinal crypts
                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers
                Visceral peritoneum
D.  Colon
                Mucosa
                Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)
                Visceral peritoneum
                Goblet cells


Microanatomy of Liver model

Central Vein
Portal canal
Liver lobule
Interlobular bile duct/artery/vein
Dendritic (Kupffer) cell
Hapatocytes
Terminal bile duct
Liver sinusoids
Bile canaliculi

Intestinal Villi model

Villi
Epithelium
Capillaries/venules/arterioles
Lacteal
Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Serosa
Goblet cells

Kidney section model
A.       Kidney frontal section
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal artery/vein
Arcuate arteries/veins
Interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries/veins
Afferent arteriole
Ureter
Renal pelvis
Minor calyces
Major calyces
Papillae
collecting ducts
loops of Henle
proximal/distal convoluted tubules
renal corpuscle
renal pyramids
renal columns

B.      Nephron
Renal cortex
Medulla
Renal corpuscle
Proximal/ddistal convoluted tubules
Loops of Henle
Collecting duct
Arcuate artery/vein
Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery/vein
Afferent/efferent arterioles
Glomerulus

C.      Renal Corpuscle
Afferent/efferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Podocyte
Glomerular capsule
Proximal/distal convoluted tubule

Liver and Gallbladder model
Lobes of liver
Inverior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Cystic duct
Gallbladder
 Round ligament
Falciform ligament